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Text 1. The Skeleton
The skeleton is composed of bones. In the adult the skeleton has over 200 bones.
The bones of the skull consist of cranial and facial parts1. There are 26 bones in the skull.
The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the chest (ribs and the breastbone). The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

The vertebra is a small bone, which is formed by the body and the arches2. All the vertebrae compose the spinal column or the spine. There are 32 or 34 vertebrae in the spine of the adult. In the spinal column there are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae and from one to five vertebrae which form the coccyx. The cervical part of the spine is formed by seven cervical vertebrae. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies.
The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12 pairs (пар) of ribs. The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest. It is composed of three main parts. The basic part of the chest is formed by the ribs. On each side of the chest seven ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are connected with each other and with the seventh rib. But the cartilages of these ribs are not connected with the breastbone. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either (также). They are not connected with other ribs, they are free. Each rib is composed of a head, neck and body.
The lower extremity consists of the thigh, leg and foot. It is connected with the trunk by the pelvis. The upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm and hand. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle (пояс).
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substance.

Text В
The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is facial and cranial parts.
The bones of the skull are connected with the first cervical vertebra. The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly [fa:mli] (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.
The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the cavity of the nose. The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.
Notes:
1. cranial cavity — мозговая полость

Text C
Two students meet after classes. They want to prepare their homework in Anatomy.
A. : How do you do, Boris!
B. : How do you do, Alec!
A. : Are you free now?
B. : Yes, I am. Let us prepare our Anatomy lesson for tomorrow.
A. : Tomorrow we shall have the lesson on the bones.
B. : I do not know well the spinal column.
A. : I can help you if you like. Can you answer my questions?
B. : I am ready.
A. : So, at what age does the spine grow most rapidly?
B. : In the girls the spine grows most rapidly to the age of 15. In the boys it grows to the age of 19. After the age of 19 the spine grows very slowly. The length of the spinal column is about 40% of the body.
A. : That’s all right. Now the second question. What do you know about the number of the vertebrae in the spine?
B. : The number of the vertebrae may be 32 or 34. Sometimes it may be 37. But I don’t know why. Can you tell me?
A. : It is because the number of the sacral vertebrae may be five and the number of the vertebrae which compose the coccyx may be from one to five.
B. : Thank you. Can you tell me which of the vertebrae have the form different ....
Доп. информация
A. : They are the first and the second cervical vertebrae. The form of these two vertebrae is different because they take part in the flexible connection of the skull and the spine.
B. : Thank you. I think tomorrow I shall answer well.

Text D
The patient had the disease of the coxofemoral (тазобедренный) joints, the biggest in the body.
The patient could not walk for six years. Doctor of Medicine Prof. K.M. Sivash, a research worker of one of Moscow Institutes, examined the patient. He wanted to use a new method of treatment.
Before the operation on the man Doctor Sivash carried out a great number of experiments on animals using artificial metal joints. During the operation Doctor Sivash used the artificial metal joints instead of the diseased coxofemoral joints of the patient. The operation was successful and soon the patient could walk.
In April 1972 Professor S.T. Zatsepin worked out the method of total hip prosthesis1 to replace2 the whole femoral bone with artificial coxofemoral and knee3 joints.
Such “total” hip prothesis was worked out together with Professor K.M. Sivash, who had used artificial joints connected by titanic nail4.
This total hip prothesis was successfully used on a patient with malignant tumour of the right femoral bone. During the operation 2/3 of the proximal part and the middle third of the femoral bone were excised5. The length of the excised bone was 22 cm. The postoperative course was smooth and the functional results were good.
Now artificial metal joints are used in many cases of the diseases of different joints.
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