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Английский (Civil and Criminal Cases)

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Упр. 1. Сделайте письменный перевод следующего текста:
Text 1
Civil and Criminal Cases
Both civil and criminal courts in England and Wales hear evidence and determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. In England, simple civil actions, for example, family matters such as an undefended divorce are normally heard either in the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
Judges have different titles depending on their experience, training, and level. A single stipendiary magistrate or three lay magistrates sit in the Magistrates’ Court. There is no jury in a Magistrates’ Court. The County Court also hears complex civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases.
In England and Wales the Magistrates’ Courts try about 95% of all criminal cases, which are petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances, the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment. The Crown Court tries more serious offences such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime.
There is also a Youth Court, which deals with children under 14 and young persons – minors between 14 and 17 years of age.

I. Фонетические упражнения
Упр. 2. Продолжите каждый ряд, выбрав из текста № I по 3 слова, в которых ударная гласная, сочетание гласных и сочетание согласных имеют такое же произношение.
1) /i/ – single, …
2) /i:/ – deal, …
3) /o:/ – law, …
4) /ei/ – face, …
5) /e/ – petty, …
6) /ai/ – crime, …
7) /dӡ/ –agency, …
8) /au/ – county, …

Упр. 3. Выпишите из словаря транскрипции и перевод указанных слов и отработайте чтение третьего абзаца текста № I:
1) accuse/ /
2) assault/ /
3) circumstance/ /
4) court/ /
5) drug dealing/ /
6) guilty
7) murder
8) offence
9) prosecute
10) theft

II. Лексические упражнения
Упр. 4.Переведите указанные слова, выделите в них суффиксы, определите часть речи и обозначьте слова, от которых они образованы:
compensation, consumer, defendant, different, exactly, faulty, imprisonment
Model:punishment– сущ.,кара, наказание, взыскание, от англ.topunish– наказывать.

Упр.5. Приведите однокоренные русские эквиваленты следующих слов:
bankruptcy, civil, complex, contract, criminal, determine, fact, family, jury, normally, person, service, stipendiary, title
Всегда ли можно правильно вывести значение английского слова от его русского эквивалента? Какие слова называются ложными друзьями переводчика? Найдите ложного друга переводчика в предложенном списке и дополнительно приведите пять своих примеров.

Упр. 6.Соотнесите названия судов (слева) и их юрисдикцию (справа):
1) Magistrates´ Courts a) hears all civil cases that cannot be
decided by county courts
2) County Courts b) is the final appellate tribunal
3) Crown Courts c) the main civil courts
4) High Court d) try the majority of all criminal cases and some civil cases
5) Court of Appeal e) hears both criminal and civil appeals
6) House of Lords f) deals with all most serious criminal cases

III. Грамматические упражнения
Упр. 7.Выпишите из текста № I предложения, в которых есть слова, оканчивающиеся на – sили –es и определите функцию этого окончания. Переведите предложения:
Model: Judges (множественное число от judge) have different titles (множественное число от title) depending on their experience, training, and level.
Судьи имеют различные звания в зависимости
Доп. информация
Упр.8. В следующих предложениях подчеркните сказуемое в страдательном залоге, определите грамматическое время и переведите:
1) Civil actions are normally heard either in the Magistrates’ Courts or in the County Courts.
2) We will be punished for this offence with a heavy fine.
3) Three children under 14 were accused of stealing a bicycle.
4) A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court.

Упр. 9. Перепишите эти предложения в страдательном залоге:
1) I have already paid for the damage.
2) They charged him with robbery.
3) The policemen are interrogating the suspects now.
4) Magistrates try less serious crimes.
5) The Crown Court will sentence him to prison.

Упр. 10.Переведите текст № II письменно:
Text II
Judge´s «respectful» plea for plainer English
A barrister is a man born with a silver spoon in his mouth in place of a tongue. Or so it would appear to Mr Justice Staughton, a judge in the Commercial Court.
The learned judge has become irritated at the linguistic duplicity of counsel, and the way in which they use archaic words to camouflage what is at bottom, an insult.
Writing in the current edition of the quarterly legal journal «Counsel», a learned magazine read by upper echelons of the legal profession, the judge tells about barristers who preface a statement to him with the phrase «With respect». What that really means, says the judge, is «you are wrong».
A statement prefaced with the words «With great respect» means «you are utterly wrong». And if a barrister produces the ultimate weapon of «With utmost respect» he is really saying to the court, «Send for the men in white coats».
The judge wants more plain English used in courts, and less of the legal language of the obscure past, some of which he says has been «obsolete» in ordinary speech almost since the Bible.
Words like «humbly» and «respectfully» are not only unnecessary in written legal documents, they are gener¬ally untruthful in oral argument, says the judge with utmost respect.
Judges themselves are, of course, not entirely free of guilt in the matter of exchanges which are not very understandable.
As the courtroom clock moves towards 1 pm, counsel might say: «It might be of value to your Lordship if I were to inform you at this juncture that I have several more questions to ask of to this witness which would take some little while». The judge will reply: «This seems a useful time to adjourn». What they really mean is lunch.
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